Against the backdrop of the intensification of global climate change and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, the prevention of floods and droughts, the conservation and utilization of water resources, and the protection and restoration of the water ecosystem have become major challenges for national and regional development. China has numerous rivers and lakes, and water condition monitoring is the cornerstone of water resources management, disaster prevention and mitigation, project scheduling, and ecological protection. However, traditional hydrological monitoring methods face many bottlenecks:

1. Insufficient site coverage：A large number of small and medium-sized rivers, remote mountainous areas, wetlands and lakes lack effective monitoring, resulting in data blind spots.

2. Limited energy supply：Field sites often face problems such as difficult access to mains power, high cabling costs, and poor stability.

3. Challenges of data accuracy and reliability：Traditional contact sensors are vulnerable to the influence of silt, aquatic organisms, freezing, and floating debris in floods. They require frequent maintenance and are prone to failure under extreme conditions.

4. The level of intelligence needs to be improved.：Traditional site data is collected at a low frequency and transmitted with a delay, making it difficult to meet the modern requirements of real-time early warning, precise scheduling, and smart water conservancy.

At the same time, the country vigorously promotes the construction of smart water conservancy, builds a smart water conservancy system with functions of "forecast, early warning, pre - simulation, and pre - plan", and for hydrological monitoringReal-time performance, accuracy, reliability, and full-domain coverage capabilitiesPut forward unprecedented high requirements.